Is urban development, including China’s highest building now under construction, hastening Shanghai’s slide into the sea?
Yu Dawei, Caijing 9 January 2009
The sky is not the limit for Shanghai. Two of three, eye-popping, side-by-side skyscrapers planned since 1993 for the city’s Lujiazui financial zone already reach the clouds. The third and largest -- the 632-meter Shanghai Center -- is scheduled to become China’s tallest building when it’s finished in 2014.
Ground was broken November 28 for the Shanghai Center. Plans call for 30,000 square meters of offices, hotels, shops and recreational facilities. Financial institution and company offices would complement those found in its existing neighbors -- the 420-meter Jin Mao Tower, completed in August 1999, and the 492-meter Shanghai World Financial Center, which opened in August.
A U.S. architectural firm, Gensler, designed Shanghai Center with a dramatic, twisting style accented by an outer glass wall. Nine aerial gardens would adorn space between the main exterior and glass walls. An indoor public park is planned as well.
All this is expected to cost about 14.8 billion yuan, according to project manager Shanghai Center Construction and Development Co. Ltd. But that’s only the building price. Caijing has learned that this and other towers are exacting an additional toll on the metropolis. Some experts say skyscrapers are contributing to the sinking of Shanghai.
According to the Shanghai Institute of Geology, the coastal city’s ground level has fallen more than 2 meters over the past 40 years. The sinking has continued since land subsidence caused the city to slip a record 11 centimeters in 1965.
The weight of urban development is apparently playing a role. Now, as construction crews and cranes begin work on the largest skyscraper, experts say development as well as rising sea levels and shrinking groundwater levels could endanger the city of some 19 million.
Off the Drawing Board
The Lujiazui Finance and Trade Zone is at the western tip of Shanghai’s Pudong New Area, much of which was blanketed by farms and countryside before 1990. The government started paving land to create a special economic zone after a 1992 visit by the late premier Deng Xiaoping, chief architect of China’s economic reform and opening program. Lujiazui was to become modern China’s new financial hub.
Almost from Lujiazui’s beginning, the Shanghai Center was on the drawing board. It was conceived in 1993 as part of the ambitious development plan that envisioned an impressive skyline. Indeed, the plan called for several super-tall buildings to symbolically reflect the rapid economic development of Shanghai and China.
Work on the Shanghai World Financial Center started early in the development but was suspended for six years during the Asian financial crisis of the 1990s. Altogether, it took 11 years to complete.
The Shanghai Center is to be the tallest, but integrated into the landscape and without replicating other building styles. The government in November 2007 helped create the building’s project manager with registered capital of 5.4 billion yuan. Shanghai Urban Construction Investment Development Corp. holds 51 percent of the shares, Shanghai Lujiazui Finance and Trade Zone Development Co. Ltd. controls 45 percent, and Shanghai Construction Group has 4 percent.
In remarks shortly before the construction project began, Shanghai Center general manager Gu Jianping hailed the progress of Shanghai and Pudong as part of China’s opening. But he raised questions about the project’s timing.
Green Light
Shanghai officials have long been aware building too many high-rises in a small area can bring environmental and social costs. The Shanghai Urban Planning Regulations published by the government five years ago called for reducing the height and density of new buildings, while increasing public greenery and open space.
According to Wu Jiang, deputy director of Shanghai Urban Planning Administration, Shanghai Center does not clash with the policy. “It is part of the overall planning for the Lujiazui area from 15 years ago,” he said. “It’s the last, missing leg of the three-landmark cluster concept. It’s not a new project.”
The project also received a positive evaluation in the introduction to a report by the Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences. The environmental impact report, completed last May, says the building is environmentally feasible while briefly citing issues concerning air, water, noise and light pollution during and after construction. But only the report’s introduction has been posted on-line; the rest has not been published.
In addition, questions remain over the possible impact of super-high buildings on Shanghai’s ground.
Sinking Feeling
Shanghai’s first tall building was the 82-meter International Hotel, which was Asia’s highest building when it opened in 1934. By the 1960s, the city had 40 tall buildings. Now, the city has about 1,000 buildings more than 100 meters in height.
A number of buildings have started to sink in recent decades, with some slipping as much as 2 meters, according to Gu Guorong, technical supervisor of Shanghai Geotechnical Investigations and Design Institute Co. Ltd. He cited the Shanghai Exhibition Center and Jin Jiang Hotel as examples.
The sinking has been linked to a combination of heavy construction materials and soft ground, as well as technical and design errors. The Jin Mao Tower weighs 300,000 tons, and up to 600,000 tons of steel were used to build the Shanghai World Financial Center.
The ground beneath the city includes layers of sand and soil up to 300 meters in depth that washed over by the Yangtze River through the delta region over the past millennium.
Despite the delicate subterranean conditions of the Lujiazui area, where high-rises are concentrated, experts say the Shanghai Center should have no problems thanks to its innovative technology.
In charge of the building’s geological security evaluation is Jin Zongchuan, project manager of Shanghai Geotechnical Investigations and Design Institute Co. Ltd. He told Caijing the building passed a screening and his firm’s report was approved by the Shanghai Housing and Land Resources Administration in September.
Nevertheless, other experts say the problem is not about a single skyscraper but concerns the overall impact of a high concentration of massive high-rises built on a limited plot of land.
In fact, concerns that Shanghai is slipping into the sea have been bothered local officials for a long time. According to the Shanghai Urban Planning Administration, which has been monitoring the situation, land subsidence in the city center attributed to the impact of urban infrastructure -- especially high-rises – has accounted for one-third of all land subsidence cases over the past 10 years.
The monitoring program’s chief -- Nanjing Institute of Geology and Mineral Resources Deputy Director Guo Kunyi – said land subsidence has been caused by the excessive tapping of groundwater as well as construction of skyscrapers.
Some dispute Guo’s view. Urban planner Wu said the key to controlling land subsidence is to reduce groundwater pumping, not halting high-rises.
The city has already slowed the sinking process by limiting the use of and recharging groundwater. The Shanghai Municipal Housing and Land Resources Administration said the city tapped 43 million cubic meters of groundwater in 2007, or just 29 percent of the amount pumped a decade earlier, slowing the land subsidence rate to 0.68 centimeters a year from 1 centimeter.
The bad news is the sea level is rising due to global warming. A December 2007 report by the Organisation of Economic Co-operation and Development named Shanghai as among the world’s coastal cities most affected by climate change. It predicted that, unless proper controls are taken, more than 2.3 million people in the city would be affected by rising sea levels and storm tides by 2070, leading to more than US$ 70 billion in economic losses. The city’s water supply could be ruined by a salt tide, further stressing groundwater supplies.
More Challenges
The Shanghai Center is touted as energy-efficient and ecologically friendly. Energy and resource savings of up to 60 percent over similar buildings are expected through the use of water recycling, rainwater management and use of local construction materials. Its developers hope it will be the first Chinese super-high-rise awarded so-called “green certificates” from Chinese and U.S. authorities.
The glass facade is designed to reduce wind loads on the building, which means builders need fewer construction materials, while the twisting feature will help collect rainwater for the air conditioning and heating systems, according to the Web site E-Architect.co.uk. Wind turbines are slated to generate power.
Marshall Strabala, the building’s director of design, said it will be the world’s first super-tall, double-skin building, creating a “Thermos bottle” effect for insulation and energy savings.
Some argue that a super-high building such as the Shanghai Center cannot save energy noting, for example, that it will require hundreds of lifts. They’re also concerned about the possibility of light pollution from the outer glass wall and “instant wind storms” caused by its close proximity to the two, neighboring skyscrapers.
Firefighters would face challenges as well. The current range of water hoses is 100 to 200 meters. A source who participated in designing the building told Caijing that, based on current technology, firefighters could do no more than restrict a fire to a small area inside the skyscraper.
Another challenge is traffic flow. Wu worries about whether the building’s entrances and exits can adequately handle vehicles as well as pedestrians.
The financial value of another super-high building is another unknown in Shanghai. Occupancy is now no more than 50 percent at the Shanghai World Financial Center. Since offices were first offered for rent several months ago, the daily price for a square meter has fallen as low as 10 yuan from 20 yuan.
Questions about aesthetics have surfaced, too. Local scholar Zhu Xueqin has described super-high-rises as “a steel and concrete forest lacking humanity.”
In hindsight, some officials and researchers say they could have given more consideration to practical issues than symbolic value while planning the Lujiazui financial zone.
“Many of the problems we face now had been considered during the planning, but we did not give them full consideration at that time,” said Zhang Shiyu, vice president of Shanghai Urban Planning and Design Research Institute. “It seems rather difficult to make amends now.”
A German sovereign bond auction failed on Wednesday as investors shunned one of the most liquid and safe assets in the world in a warning for governments seeking to raise record amounts of debt to stimulate slowing economies.
The fate of the first eurozone bond auction of 2009 signals trouble ahead as governments around the world hope to issue an estimated $3,000bn in debt this year, three times more than in 2008.
The 10-year bonds failed to attract enough bids to reach the €6bn the German government wanted. Bids of €5.24bn, a cover of only 87 per cent, amounted to the second worst auction on record in terms of demand.
Such developments were rare before the credit crisis. Before the seven German bond auctions that failed last year, the last German bond auction to fail was in July 2000 after the dotcom crash.
Analysts said the vast amount of supply is deterring investors and a growing number of countries, including those with deep and mature bond markets, such as Germany, the UK and Italy, are struggling to attract buyers.
The Netherlands has seen bond auctions fail, the UK and Italy have been forced to offer investors higher yields to meet their auction targets, while Spain and Belgium have cancelled offerings because of a lack of demand.
The German finance agency admitted that investor appetite for government debt had waned, although insisted the auction was “not a disappointment”.
Meyrick Chapman, a UBS fixed-income strategist, said when a German bond auction failed it “does suggest there may be trouble ahead for other governments wanting to raise money in the debt markets. Before the financial crisis, German bond auctions just did not fail.”
However, analysts stress the heavy supply is being offset by fears of deflation and recession, which are typically supportive to government bonds and have depressed yields, which have an inverse relationship with price, to historical lows.
The UK on Wednesday successfully sold £2bn in gilts due to mature in 2038. But Robert Stheeman, chief executive of the UK Debt Management Office, has warned that the large supply of debt could deter buyers of gilts. Britain is planning to raise £146.4bn in bonds this financial year – three times more than last year.
Chinese authorities busted more than 40 major illegal private banks from July to November this year, the Ministry of Public Security (MPS) said here Friday.
The illegal banks were uncovered in a five-month joint operation between the MPS, the People's Bank of China and the State Administration of Foreign Exchange, in eastern Fujian and Jiangxi provinces and southern Guangdong Province.
The ministry did not give an exact number of cases, but said the illegal operations involved 100 billion yuan (14.6 billion U.S. dollars).
According to the MPS, underground banks served as an important channel for money laundering and illegal foreign exchange deals. Such operations had "seriously disturbed China's domestic finance and foreign exchange market order."
The Ministry vowed to step up efforts in cracking down on illegal banking operations in the future and warned the public to keep away from such operations.
In December last year, the country proposed more severe punishments for illegal banking services in a draft amendment to the Criminal Law submitted to a bi-monthly session of the National People's Congress (NPC) Standing Committee, China's top legislature.
Authorities uncovered 42 cases of underground banking between Sept. 2007 and Sept. 2008, involving a total of 84.4 billion yuan ($12.3 billion).
China's 4Q business climate index drops on slowing economy
January 09, 2009
China's business climate index fell for the second quarter in a row during the final three months of 2008 as economic conditions deteriorated sharply, the National Bureau of Statistics said.
The index was 107, vs. 128.6 in the third quarter. The index was 137.4 in the second quarter and 136.2 in the first quarter, the bureau said.
The index ranges from zero to 200. A reading above 100 shows economic expansion, while a reading below 100 indicates contraction. The survey began in 1998.
The index for industry was 98.5, down 27.3 points quarter-on-quarter. The indices for wholesalers and retailers and property developers slid by 16.4 points and 17.2 points to 127.2 and 101.7, respectively.
The index for domestic publicly traded companies fell 39.4 points to 106.2 and the entrepreneurial confidence index sank 29.2 points to 94.6.
Renowned economist Cheng Siwei told a conference Thursday the economy grew about 8 percent during the fourth quarter of 2008, down from 9 percent in the third quarter and 10.4 percent in the first half.
China is targeting 8 percent gross domestic product growth for 2009 to ensure sufficient jobs and safeguard social stability, Liu Mingkang, Chairman of the China Banking Regulatory Commission, said on Dec. 13.
To support the weakening economy, China has cut lending rates considerably since mid-September and unveiled a 4 trillion yuan (585 billion U.S. dollars) fiscal stimulus package in early November.
The economy will start to recover in the second half of the year, as the massive stimulus takes effect gradually, and regain full steam in 2011, Cheng said.
Singapore to ease ban on political films: minister
10 January 2009
SINGAPORE (AFP) —— Singapore will ease a blanket ban on films promoting a political party or agenda, the information minister said in remarks published Saturday.
However, films deemed "harmful" to society would remain prohibited, Minister for Information, Communication and the Arts Lee Boon Yang said in remarks carried by The Straits Times.
Lee said the Films Act would be amended so that factual documentaries, video recordings of actual events and biographies would be allowed as part of Internet election advertising by political parties. The changes could come as early as March, he said.
An independent panel comprised of respected Singaporeans and headed by a retired senior district judge will be set up to assess the films.
Political parties can also advertise using podcasts, blogs and other Internet tools during election campaigns under new rules to be enacted.
Singapore's small opposition political parties have complained they lack access to the pro-government mainstream media.
The planned changes in the Films Act are among the recommendations by a government-appointed council which was formed to study the impact of the new media on society.
Lee said a key distinction was that political films must not promote debate "based on distorted presentation of issues".
Despite the relaxation, the government would not decriminalise the making of party political films in general, he said.
In 2007, the government banned a film on former political detainee Said Zahari, calling it a "misleading and distorted portrayal" of his detention which could undermine confidence in the government.
The film entitled "Zahari's 17 Years" was directed, shot and edited by Singaporean filmmaker Martyn See, who had earlier been investigated by police for making a film on opposition leader Chee Soon Juan.
Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong said last year the government accepted that its policies must evolve to remain relevant in the current media landscape in which Internet use has become more widespread.
Don't... don't close your heart to how you feel Dream, and don't be afraid the dream's not real Close your eyes, pretend it's just the two of us again Make believe this moment's here to stay Touch... touch me the way you used to do I know tonight could be all I'll have with you From now on, you'll be with someone else instead of me So tonight, let's fill this memory For the last time -
Hold me now Don't cry, don't say a word Just hold me now And I will know - Though we're apart, we'll always be together Forever in love What do you say when words are not enough?
Time... time will be kind once we're apart And your tears... tears will have no place in your heart I wish I... I could say how much I'll miss you when you're gone How my love for you will go on and on and
Hold me now Don't cry, don't say a word Just hold me now And try to understand that I hope at last you've found What you've been searchin' for And though I won't be there anymore I will always love you
(Hold me now) (Don't cry,) don't say a word Just hold me now And I will know - Though we're apart, we'll always be together Forever in love What do you say when words are not enough?
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Shanghai Scrapes Sky as the Ground Sinks
Is urban development, including China’s highest building now under construction, hastening Shanghai’s slide into the sea?
Yu Dawei, Caijing
9 January 2009
The sky is not the limit for Shanghai. Two of three, eye-popping, side-by-side skyscrapers planned since 1993 for the city’s Lujiazui financial zone already reach the clouds. The third and largest -- the 632-meter Shanghai Center -- is scheduled to become China’s tallest building when it’s finished in 2014.
Ground was broken November 28 for the Shanghai Center. Plans call for 30,000 square meters of offices, hotels, shops and recreational facilities. Financial institution and company offices would complement those found in its existing neighbors -- the 420-meter Jin Mao Tower, completed in August 1999, and the 492-meter Shanghai World Financial Center, which opened in August.
A U.S. architectural firm, Gensler, designed Shanghai Center with a dramatic, twisting style accented by an outer glass wall. Nine aerial gardens would adorn space between the main exterior and glass walls. An indoor public park is planned as well.
All this is expected to cost about 14.8 billion yuan, according to project manager Shanghai Center Construction and Development Co. Ltd. But that’s only the building price. Caijing has learned that this and other towers are exacting an additional toll on the metropolis. Some experts say skyscrapers are contributing to the sinking of Shanghai.
According to the Shanghai Institute of Geology, the coastal city’s ground level has fallen more than 2 meters over the past 40 years. The sinking has continued since land subsidence caused the city to slip a record 11 centimeters in 1965.
The weight of urban development is apparently playing a role. Now, as construction crews and cranes begin work on the largest skyscraper, experts say development as well as rising sea levels and shrinking groundwater levels could endanger the city of some 19 million.
Off the Drawing Board
The Lujiazui Finance and Trade Zone is at the western tip of Shanghai’s Pudong New Area, much of which was blanketed by farms and countryside before 1990. The government started paving land to create a special economic zone after a 1992 visit by the late premier Deng Xiaoping, chief architect of China’s economic reform and opening program. Lujiazui was to become modern China’s new financial hub.
Almost from Lujiazui’s beginning, the Shanghai Center was on the drawing board. It was conceived in 1993 as part of the ambitious development plan that envisioned an impressive skyline. Indeed, the plan called for several super-tall buildings to symbolically reflect the rapid economic development of Shanghai and China.
Work on the Shanghai World Financial Center started early in the development but was suspended for six years during the Asian financial crisis of the 1990s. Altogether, it took 11 years to complete.
The Shanghai Center is to be the tallest, but integrated into the landscape and without replicating other building styles. The government in November 2007 helped create the building’s project manager with registered capital of 5.4 billion yuan. Shanghai Urban Construction Investment Development Corp. holds 51 percent of the shares, Shanghai Lujiazui Finance and Trade Zone Development Co. Ltd. controls 45 percent, and Shanghai Construction Group has 4 percent.
In remarks shortly before the construction project began, Shanghai Center general manager Gu Jianping hailed the progress of Shanghai and Pudong as part of China’s opening. But he raised questions about the project’s timing.
Green Light
Shanghai officials have long been aware building too many high-rises in a small area can bring environmental and social costs. The Shanghai Urban Planning Regulations published by the government five years ago called for reducing the height and density of new buildings, while increasing public greenery and open space.
According to Wu Jiang, deputy director of Shanghai Urban Planning Administration, Shanghai Center does not clash with the policy. “It is part of the overall planning for the Lujiazui area from 15 years ago,” he said. “It’s the last, missing leg of the three-landmark cluster concept. It’s not a new project.”
The project also received a positive evaluation in the introduction to a report by the Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences. The environmental impact report, completed last May, says the building is environmentally feasible while briefly citing issues concerning air, water, noise and light pollution during and after construction. But only the report’s introduction has been posted on-line; the rest has not been published.
In addition, questions remain over the possible impact of super-high buildings on Shanghai’s ground.
Sinking Feeling
Shanghai’s first tall building was the 82-meter International Hotel, which was Asia’s highest building when it opened in 1934. By the 1960s, the city had 40 tall buildings. Now, the city has about 1,000 buildings more than 100 meters in height.
A number of buildings have started to sink in recent decades, with some slipping as much as 2 meters, according to Gu Guorong, technical supervisor of Shanghai Geotechnical Investigations and Design Institute Co. Ltd. He cited the Shanghai Exhibition Center and Jin Jiang Hotel as examples.
The sinking has been linked to a combination of heavy construction materials and soft ground, as well as technical and design errors. The Jin Mao Tower weighs 300,000 tons, and up to 600,000 tons of steel were used to build the Shanghai World Financial Center.
The ground beneath the city includes layers of sand and soil up to 300 meters in depth that washed over by the Yangtze River through the delta region over the past millennium.
Despite the delicate subterranean conditions of the Lujiazui area, where high-rises are concentrated, experts say the Shanghai Center should have no problems thanks to its innovative technology.
In charge of the building’s geological security evaluation is Jin Zongchuan, project manager of Shanghai Geotechnical Investigations and Design Institute Co. Ltd. He told Caijing the building passed a screening and his firm’s report was approved by the Shanghai Housing and Land Resources Administration in September.
Nevertheless, other experts say the problem is not about a single skyscraper but concerns the overall impact of a high concentration of massive high-rises built on a limited plot of land.
In fact, concerns that Shanghai is slipping into the sea have been bothered local officials for a long time. According to the Shanghai Urban Planning Administration, which has been monitoring the situation, land subsidence in the city center attributed to the impact of urban infrastructure -- especially high-rises – has accounted for one-third of all land subsidence cases over the past 10 years.
The monitoring program’s chief -- Nanjing Institute of Geology and Mineral Resources Deputy Director Guo Kunyi – said land subsidence has been caused by the excessive tapping of groundwater as well as construction of skyscrapers.
Some dispute Guo’s view. Urban planner Wu said the key to controlling land subsidence is to reduce groundwater pumping, not halting high-rises.
The city has already slowed the sinking process by limiting the use of and recharging groundwater. The Shanghai Municipal Housing and Land Resources Administration said the city tapped 43 million cubic meters of groundwater in 2007, or just 29 percent of the amount pumped a decade earlier, slowing the land subsidence rate to 0.68 centimeters a year from 1 centimeter.
The bad news is the sea level is rising due to global warming. A December 2007 report by the Organisation of Economic Co-operation and Development named Shanghai as among the world’s coastal cities most affected by climate change. It predicted that, unless proper controls are taken, more than 2.3 million people in the city would be affected by rising sea levels and storm tides by 2070, leading to more than US$ 70 billion in economic losses. The city’s water supply could be ruined by a salt tide, further stressing groundwater supplies.
More Challenges
The Shanghai Center is touted as energy-efficient and ecologically friendly. Energy and resource savings of up to 60 percent over similar buildings are expected through the use of water recycling, rainwater management and use of local construction materials. Its developers hope it will be the first Chinese super-high-rise awarded so-called “green certificates” from Chinese and U.S. authorities.
The glass facade is designed to reduce wind loads on the building, which means builders need fewer construction materials, while the twisting feature will help collect rainwater for the air conditioning and heating systems, according to the Web site E-Architect.co.uk. Wind turbines are slated to generate power.
Marshall Strabala, the building’s director of design, said it will be the world’s first super-tall, double-skin building, creating a “Thermos bottle” effect for insulation and energy savings.
Some argue that a super-high building such as the Shanghai Center cannot save energy noting, for example, that it will require hundreds of lifts. They’re also concerned about the possibility of light pollution from the outer glass wall and “instant wind storms” caused by its close proximity to the two, neighboring skyscrapers.
Firefighters would face challenges as well. The current range of water hoses is 100 to 200 meters. A source who participated in designing the building told Caijing that, based on current technology, firefighters could do no more than restrict a fire to a small area inside the skyscraper.
Another challenge is traffic flow. Wu worries about whether the building’s entrances and exits can adequately handle vehicles as well as pedestrians.
The financial value of another super-high building is another unknown in Shanghai. Occupancy is now no more than 50 percent at the Shanghai World Financial Center. Since offices were first offered for rent several months ago, the daily price for a square meter has fallen as low as 10 yuan from 20 yuan.
Questions about aesthetics have surfaced, too. Local scholar Zhu Xueqin has described super-high-rises as “a steel and concrete forest lacking humanity.”
In hindsight, some officials and researchers say they could have given more consideration to practical issues than symbolic value while planning the Lujiazui financial zone.
“Many of the problems we face now had been considered during the planning, but we did not give them full consideration at that time,” said Zhang Shiyu, vice president of Shanghai Urban Planning and Design Research Institute. “It seems rather difficult to make amends now.”
2008年中国企业秘密死亡档案
来源:三联《竞争力》
2008-12-22
三鹿:欺上瞒下遭报应
“结石门”事件的影响还在继续,而不争的事实是,“三鹿”这个有着52年历史的民族品牌将不复存在。
从当年的18家饲养户组织起来的小作坊“幸福乳业生产合作社”成长为中国奶业的龙头企业,三鹿见证了中国乳业发展的轨迹。
1986年,三鹿与农民联合,开创了“奶牛下乡、牛奶进城”的发展奶业之路,继而推行“四统一分一集中”(即,统一领导、统一规划、统一管理、统一服务、分户饲养、集中挤奶)的奶牛基地管理模式,有效地带动了河北奶业的大发展,从此驶入快车道。鼎盛时期,三鹿产品有9大系列171个品种,配方奶粉达40多种,液态奶50多种,其中有50个品种被中国绿色食品发展中心认定为绿色食品,畅销全国31个省(市、自治区)。
2007年,三鹿集团实现销售额100.16亿元,三鹿奶粉销量连续12年位居全国第一;液态奶产量全国排名第四。即便是在2004年受到阜阳“大头娃娃”奶粉事件的重创,三鹿的主要经济指标仍实现两位数的增长,实现销售收入60.2亿元,同比增长13.51%。
在《福布斯》杂志2008年8月份的中国100顶尖企业榜上,三鹿排名第76位,在乳制品行业仅次于排名第31位的蒙牛。
不管曾经有过怎样的声誉和辉煌,如今,这一切都灰飞烟灭了。
三鹿事件暴露出来的恶性竞争最终通过价格传导机制,潜入产业链上游,导致源头病变,而源头的病变最终又通过产品链传至终端,导致消费者病死。
奶农的坏心正是源于养奶牛的坏账。
由于牛奶价格竞争残酷,牛奶企业的很多利润都被利乐包提供商、渠道商和广告商拿走,自身所剩无几,关键是在利乐和广告商(CCTV等)、渠道商(沃尔玛、家乐福等)面前,不管是蒙牛、伊利,还是三鹿,都不具备谈判优势。
要增加利润,最简单的办法就是扩大生产规模和压缩成本,而这两点都会直接传导到位于上游的奶农身上。
伊利与蒙牛的奶王之争,完全打乱了整个牛奶行业的扩张节奏,全行业为避免被淘汰的命运,竞相提速。三鹿正是在这种氛围下,相继兼并了本省和山东、陕西、河南、甘肃等省的一些地方性企业,使其成为自己的生产基地。
但扩大生产规模的难题不在于生产线,而是奶源。要扩大奶源,只能鼓励奶农多贷款买牛养牛,但牛奶厂商并不提供相应的管理和资金支持,饲料涨跌的价格风险、奶牛病死的养殖风险、利率浮动的贷款风险全部由奶农自担。奶农根本不具备成本管理能力,那就只剩下一个办法:提高出奶率,提高原料奶品质,卖个好价格。
三鹿等牛奶厂商本可以提高原料奶价格,但恰恰相反,受制于终端市场的价格竞争和对于包装商、渠道商、广告商的谈判权,他们也只能想办法压缩成本,在内部成本压缩空间消耗完毕之后,自然会向处于弱势的奶农下手,想办法压制原料奶收购价格,挑剔原料奶品质。
在2007年之前,牛奶厂与奶农还能保持一种低利润的微妙平衡。但2007年下半年以来,饲料价格的上扬与利率的上调轻易撼动了这一局面。
2008年年中,饲料价格已从2007年每袋90元上涨至140~150元。饲养成本的急剧上升,使奶农完全变得赔钱赚吆喝,在原料奶中兑水、乳清粉等成为普通现象。
三鹿全然没有意识到牛奶收购价格过低的潜在隐患,反而睁一只眼闭一只眼,对原料奶掺假现象视作公开的秘密。
在高速扩张中,三鹿没有大肆投入进行广告宣传和市场推广,而是采取价格战,企图迅速抢占农村和贫困地区的中低端消费市场,这使得其必须进一步压低前端的原料收购成本,不断压榨奶农和奶贩的利润。
三鹿在当地的鲜奶收购价一般比蒙牛、伊利低3%~5%,而要想让奶农低价卖奶,放宽奶源质量检测要求就有了心照不宣的可能。更致命的是,三鹿在自身奶源远远不够的情况下,通过奶站和奶贩子向散落在各个乡镇、山村的奶农进行收购。而要实现对数百个奶站的实时监控成本巨大,三鹿只能退而求其次,简单化检测方式和标准:只查蛋白质等所谓核心指标,奶站则很快找到了应付三鹿检测的秘密武器:三聚氰胺。
欺上游,瞒下游之后,三鹿本来可爱的牛奶很快变成了可恨的毒奶,不仅毒死了最可爱的孩子们,毒死了三鹿自己,毒倒了整个行业,还捎上了国家信用和消费者信心,真可谓五毒俱全,死有余辜。
冯永明:正业毁于歪脑筋
2008年9月26日,冯永明被伊春市公安机关刑拘,同时被刑拘的还有他的女儿冯丽嘉,两人均涉嫌职务侵占罪。
10月31日,冯永明因涉嫌背信损害上市公司利益罪和虚假出资罪,被依法逮捕,从人大代表沦为阶下囚。
冯永民一手创办的光明集团,也问题重重,面临退市的危险,等待政府救援。
今年55岁的冯永明原本在伊春市五营林业局木器厂做木工学徒,1979年当上伊春市消防器材厂厂长,并将这家濒于破产的小厂带出困境,组建了家具生产车间,为冯永明日后开办家具厂奠定基础。
1985年,冯永明与港商合资办厂,创办伊春市第一家中外合资生产型企业——伊春光明家具有限公司,从此改写了林都伊春只输出黑粗木头的历史,“光明家具”斐声海内外。
冯永明在产业多元化战略的指引下,通过组建企业集团、实施股份制改造等一系列举措,将光明集团从单一的家具企业,发展成为集商贸业、信息业、制药业、化工业、交通器材业、旅游业为一体的多元化发展集团。
1996年4月25日,光明家具股票在深圳证券交易所挂牌上市,成为国内首家上市的家具企业。此外,冯永明还创造了多个中国第一:第一个实现产品在全国范围销售;第一个实现家具的拆装组合,给南斯拉夫和罗马尼亚、芬兰的进口家具造成很大冲击;最早在行业中树立品牌形象;最早跨地域异地办厂等等。
冯永明本人也因为获得如此多业绩而获得 “中国家具之王”称号,2005年还以5亿元的身价上了胡润百富榜。
然而,和政府部门股权问题分不清楚,想将一切丰功伟绩都据为己有,最终使冯永明落马。
正如光明集团的老员工所说,冯永明最近几年不抓经营不抓管理,一门心思研究资产,已经到了着魔的地步。而在冯永明涉嫌的几项经济犯罪中,主要就是虚假出资、抽逃出资和侵吞国有资产等四项罪名。
但最敏感的还是冯永明与当地政府的产权之争,冯永明利用“空手道术”频繁扩张、转移股权、消耗资产元气。
1996年光明家具上市之时,冯永明承诺光明集团总股本22200万股中8200万股为国有股份,占注册资本的36.9%,但是这部分股权一直未能正式转移给政府。2006年S*ST光明面临股权改革,由于光明集团占用资金问题严重,清欠难度很大。这时伊春市政府出面,与光明集团达成协议,由伊春市政府出面解决股改所需清欠资金,光明集团才将8200万股正式转与伊春市方面。
据悉,伊春市政府资助的资金共计达到9500万元,其中6000万元以转移支付的名义转与光明集团,而余下的3500万元则是以专项资金名义划给光明集团,以解决大股东占资问题。然而,冯永明并没有按照协议办事,而是想方设法将控股权频繁转移,把所有智慧用在私有化国有股权上。
冯永明一边就股权、股改问题与政府周旋,另一方面以各种名义成立公司,加紧转移资产。
从2000年开始,冯永明陆续在全国各地成立100多家各种名头的公司,并利用光明集团下属公司操作股权变更,进行资产转移。光明集团股份有限公司、伊春市青峰农场、光明集团家具股份有限公司、伊春绿时代家具有限公司、伊春光明家具有限公司、伊春林海家具有限公司等26家伊春市当地公司都成为冯永明的棋子。
随着成立名头公司的增多,冯永明的花样也日益翻新。伊春光明家具有限公司、伊春森林家具有限公司等8家公司的性质,被冯永明悄然变成了外资企业,许多国有股份就这样被转移为外资所有。而伊春光明纸箱制造有限公司,伊春金鼎家具有限公司、伊春金丰投资有限公司则被冯永明变更为民营企业,光明集团的部分股份也因此转移到个人控股公司名下。
另外,冯永明还将光明集团电子商务有限公司、北京利玛软件信息技术有限公司、连云港跃林经贸有限公司、北京光明兴佳商贸有限公司、光明集团哈尔滨家具有限公司等20家外埠公司以各种名义转化为外资或民营性质,并悉数往里转移股权。
就这样,冯永明在没有出资一分钱的情况下,靠四处借贷和政府出资打造了光明集团,并绞尽脑汁将S*ST光明的股份非法转移到自己名下,在与政府长达10余年的博弈中,最终败下阵来。政府在忍无可忍的情况下,将冯永明交由公安机关处理,一个原本优秀的企业家就这样落马了。
飞跃:好产业毁于好大喜功
2008年,位于浙江台州的“全球最大缝纫机厂商”飞跃集团洗了一个“冷暖浴”:3月,出席全国人大会议的飞跃集团董事长邱继宝面对媒体侃侃而谈,介绍飞跃的先进经验;4月,却传出了飞跃集团因欠下银行、民间借贷人10多亿元,遭遇群起索债、濒于破产的消息。
作为台州的标杆企业,飞跃一倒,不啻于行业地震,其下游上百家零件供应、配套企业以及相互担保借贷的公司,将唇亡齿寒,一损俱损。因此,飞跃呼救声乍起,政府各方纷纷施以援手,出面协调。目前,飞跃得以苟活,但已步履蹒跚,变数仍在,随时可能再倒下去。
民营企业飞跃集团曾经光环无数,其当家人邱继宝当年白手起家历尽艰辛的创业故事至今仍为人传颂。
上个世纪80年代初,邱继宝用当鞋匠挣来的积蓄以及贷款300元起步,一头扎进缝纫机行业。27岁时,他曾背着飞跃勇闯广交会会场,不但没有进去,反而被保安扣住罚站半个小时。
但广交会之后,邱继宝通过香港经销商提供的信息,成功地将飞跃缝纫机打入拉美地区,飞跃走向国际市场,开始了产品国际化的征途。
到1997年东南亚金融危机时,邱继宝利用其他国家货币贬值,出手收购日本工厂,购进高新技术设备,引进外国专家,提前两年实现了装备自动化,多项产品获得国际认证,获得了进军欧美高端市场的通行证。
历经20余年发展,飞跃成长为资产数10亿元的大型现代化民营跨国企业集团,“飞跃”60%的产品成功打入世界120多个国家和地区,成为全球规模最大的缝纫设备制造商。至2008年,飞跃集团拥有18家海外分公司、22家国内销售公司和500多位外籍员工。
邱继宝本人也因此获得中国青年五四奖章、中国民营企业杰出代表、中国制造业十大创新人物等众多荣誉。
2001年,朱镕基总理考察浙江,听了飞跃集团的发展史,他幽默地夸邱继宝是“国宝”。邱继宝和飞跃因此成了台州市的招牌,温家宝、曾庆红等多位国家领导人来浙江视察时,也都曾行至台州,到飞跃观摩。2007年胡润百富榜上,邱继宝以25亿元资产居第328位。
可是如今,巨额负债却几乎扼住了飞跃的喉咙。
邱继宝把这归咎于应收账款。受美国次贷危机影响,中国纺织业出口萎缩,飞跃的海外订单大幅减少。“纺织轻纺一出现困难,马上影响到我们装备行业。到年底就收不到钱,机器都拿不回来。”上游纺织行业的萎缩,拖累了下游的缝纫机行业。
经济大环境的萧条,导致缝纫机企业整体的日子都不好过。但为什么最先受到挑战的是身强力壮的龙头大哥飞跃呢?
台州市缝制设备行业协会给飞跃开出了一份颇为公允的“诊断报告”,报告中,飞跃集团的问题被归结为“近些年在技术进步、产业升级和国际化等方面投入过大、战线过长”。
而这都是名声惹的祸。
随着邱继宝名声日隆,从企业家向产业家转型的欲望与可能均同步上升。
邱继宝向外宣布:到“十一五”末即2010年,飞跃要实现销售产值270亿元、进出口总额15亿美元、利税15亿元。
为此,飞跃多年来不断扩大生产规模,投入技术改造,征地、建厂房,国外开分公司等等,投资巨大,资金基本靠贷。而自从2002年当选“十六大”党代表之后,这位台州民营一哥进银行拿贷款就如履平地。
但邱继宝还没等到产业升级、规模扩大的回报期,市场就已进入寒冬。汇率的变化速度很快,企业的升级和转型根本不可能与之同步。邱继宝不停地跟人民币赛跑,没有时间喘息,最终飞跃每年的利润还不够还利息,以至于不得不求救于以角计息的民间高利贷。
当银行开始“抽贷”而民间债权人闻到气息也开始“逼债”之时,飞跃的现金流两头抽紧并愈演愈烈,飞跃的资金链终于绷断。邱继宝——这个顶着无数政治光环的商人,则被追债人堵个严实。
邱继宝在接受媒体采访时反思说:“我就是太相信规模经济、园区建设、先进装备、新型工业化、国际化万岁、出口万岁。但这些东西投入巨大,不等你产出,费用已经把你压垮。”
中港:万丈高楼填不平无底洞
在房地产寒风之中,中港率先倒下,而且倒得突然,倒得离奇。
2008年10月,浙江中港控股集团有限公司旗下地产开发公司高层集体消失,上演了国内第一例成规模的房地产公司老板跑路事件。公司法人代表厉鸥和集团实际控制人丁庆平携巨款“人间蒸发”。中港地产负债2.6亿元、民间借贷逾1亿元的消息爆出,一时间人心惶惶。
中港地产并不是寻常皮包公司。恰恰相反,它在浙江金华颇有名气,董事长丁庆平更是当地响当当的人物,曾是第九届、第十届浙江省政协委员,并任多个要职。
丁庆平早年在义乌做建筑装潢起家,后赶上金华经济发展的飞跃期,坐上“顺风车”而混得风生水起。
1996年,中港地产成立,注册资金3600万元,成为一家拥有省级房地产开发二级资质的综合经营公司。此后,其开发足迹遍及杭州、义乌、金华、上海、南京等地,凭借优质的高档小区名声渐起,跻身金华市50强民企。
2003年10月,以中港地产作为主营子公司的浙江中港集团成立,注册资金5200万元,下设7家分公司,兼顾房地产开发、装饰施工、物业管理等多种行业。作为知名房企,中港地产头顶“中国房地产先进单位”、“金华市十大品牌房产”等众多光环,浅水湾项目不断受到热捧,可谓如日中天。
尽管近年金华房市不温不火,中港的生意照样做得热火朝天。2006年底推出的浅水湾三期房已悉数售空,国庆前刚建到8层的四期房也销售过半。既然如此,巨大的资金黑洞又从何而来?
由于融资需求旺盛,而银行存款利息偏低,民间资金充沛的义乌,盛行通过互相担保来筹借资金做大事业。企业资金紧张便借高利贷,盘活后再外放,担保关系盘根错节,从亲朋好友间的拆借,逐步发展成庞大的借贷圈。丁庆平身在其中,也难以免俗。
早在几年前,他就打上了民间高利贷的主意。当时房市正火,高利贷的利息也不像现在这样高得离谱,所以资金链并不吃紧,中港一路凯歌。
然而,今年房产业遇冷,资金短缺状况前所未有,昔日高速扩张的企业们一夜之间陷入困境,中港也难以独善其身。担保企业泥足深陷,拆借利率水涨船高,昔日的“聚宝盆”变为今朝“催命符”。
今年7月,义乌明星企业金乌集团老板张政建因高达14亿元的民间高利贷无法偿还而逃往海外,为其担保的中港更是有苦难言。中港的财务人员透露,尽管公司账面上给金乌的借款担保只损失了500万元,但丁庆平很可能还以个人名义为其担保,且金额不在少数。
为解燃眉之急,丁庆平再次动了连环担保和高利贷的歪脑筋,在义乌借了4000万元的元高利贷,再去其它地方借款还贷,拆了东墙补西墙,企业的资金链彻底断裂。这笔4000万元的高利贷成为“压垮骆驼的最后一根稻草”,断送了中港的一线生机,也促使丁庆平策划外逃。
9月中旬,中港名下的多辆汽车过户给私人,公司资金大量异常划出。
9月27日,向来吝啬的丁庆平意外地组织公司全体员工去三亚游玩。去机场前,丁庆平和妻子厉鸥找借口留在公司。等员工从三亚回来,夫妻二人早已逃之夭夭。
中港房产中厉鸥占股22.22%,中港集团占77.78%,而在集团中,厉鸥又占股10%,丁庆平占股90%。整个中港,其实就是丁氏的夫妻店,下属子公司也完全受两人控制。厉鸥把集团和子公司的财务牢牢握在手里,划拨转账都由她一人说了算,工作人员全然成了摆设。
此外,丁氏夫妇还在高层中安插了不少亲戚和亲信,其中一家子公司的法人代表正是丁庆平的司机。在家族式管理下,夫妇二人俨然是集团内的“土皇帝”。甚至在和购房者签合同时,厉鸥都不用公司的图章,直接盖上个人私章了事。因而事发前,没有人能发觉公司的异变。
如今,丁庆平潇洒地拍拍屁股走人,留下的是千疮百孔的烂摊子。浅水湾项目中,农民工工资尚未付清;楼盘从工业用电转换成市政供电耗资不菲;一、二期业主多半还没拿到房产证,在建的三、四期房,也被一房两卖甚至三卖。
太子奶:对赌容易赌对难
在被陆续爆出资金链紧张、工厂停产、员工工资停发,拖欠经销商货款等一系列问题之后,太子奶的归属问题如今也成为焦点,多数媒体认为是与国际投行的对赌协议造成了太子奶如今的困局,但回顾太子奶的发展历程,它的夭折更多地还是急于求成、不自量力所致,在上赌局之前并没有盘算好自己的本钱有多少。
1993年,借毛泽东诞辰百年之际,李途纯靠做挂历生意挣了第一桶金,接着便开始四处寻找投资机会。1995年,在深圳,一次偶然机会李途纯喝到了一种叫做活菌奶的乳品饮料,第一次喝这种新鲜玩意儿的李途纯觉得味道不错,想到这可能是一个赚钱的机会,于是根据产品包装上的地址,找到了这家叫做“活力宝”的企业。稍作调查,李途纯发现乳酸菌饮料行业将有着很好的市场前景,就下决心大干一场。曾带动上世纪80年代末期乳酸菌饮料行业第一次高潮的活力宝此时摇摇欲坠,李途纯便趁乱挖来活力宝总工程师盛延岭,于1996年3月在湖南株洲建立了太子牛奶厂,当年11月就正式出品了第一批活性乳酸菌奶饮料产品,在湖南当地销售。
建厂的第二年,李途纯决心把太子奶推向全国市场,不惜血本投下8888万元在央视黄金广告时段夺得1998年日用消费品的标王,而此时的太子奶其资产总额远没有竞标价高,就连去竞标的20万元入场费也是借来的。
1998年,日出牌太子奶作为高科技项目还被列入国家“火炬计划”,在2000年通过了科技部验收,并由此获得科技部提供的财政支持。
之后,太子奶便加足马力,扩大产能,随着北京密云、湖南株洲、湖北黄冈、上海昆山、四川成都五个生产基地的陆续建成,太子奶开始了持续五年销售额翻一番的飞速发展。到2005年,太子奶已经稳坐中国乳酸菌饮料行业的头名,它的销售收入在这一年终于突破了10亿元,利润额也上升到了1亿多元。在中国食品科学技术学会公布的2004年度中国乳酸菌饮料行业排名中,太子奶以76.2%的市场占有率高居行业榜首,已是连续5年市场占有率超过70%。
2007年初,太子奶终于迎来了自己的第一轮私募,开始为其海外上市准备。在英联亚太区执行合伙人陈柏松牵头下,英联与高盛、大摩分别以4000万、1500万和1800万美元,共计7300万美元投资额获得太子奶开曼控股有限公司一共30%的股权。受到了国际知名投行的青睐,太子奶开始了上市前的最后冲刺。
同蒙牛一样,太子奶在引进私募股权时也跟投行签订了对赌协议,协议中约定在收到7300万美元注资后的前3年,如果太子奶集团业绩增长超过50%,三家投行的股权将被降低;如完不成30%的业绩增长,李途纯将会失去控股权。而太子奶如今被曝出将遭到外资投行的全面收购正源于此。
虽然与投行的对赌协议成为太子奶股权可能旁落的直接导火索,但太子奶急于求成的发展策略和冒进主义是其走到今天这个悬崖边的根本原因。
自1996年建立以来,太子奶从当年500万元的销售额,到2007年销售额达到10多亿元,连续11年复合增长率超过100%,2005至2007年,其三年销售额惊人地增长了1189.66%,因此名列2007中国企业成长百强榜首。这些漂亮的数字使得李途纯牛气冲天,在连续获得外资青睐之下更是放出要做世界500强的豪言,声称在10年后实现集团1000亿元的销售额,其中乳酸菌奶的销售额达到300亿~400亿元,食品类产品、采购业务以及房地产业务则包揽剩余份额,这样的蓝图看上去很美,可以乳酸菌奶饮料这种换汤不换药的产品打天下的李途纯又得卖出多少瓶太子奶才能实现300亿元销售额的天文数字。
或许是国外市场对发酵乳品的过热消费让李途纯看到了这样的希望,因为在日本、欧洲,活性乳酸菌类饮料在所有销售的乳制品中占到80%,而中国发酵乳品只占整个乳品市场份额的15%左右,其中乳酸菌奶饮料更是不到5%。
但太子奶的产品线至今仍局限于概念的复制,至于其“每瓶含180亿活性乳酸菌”的提法更是被专家认为可笑。产品的单一本无过错,多少大企业都是从一种产品做起,然而太子奶一直以二流形象只在二三线城市挣扎,既禁不起北京、上海等一线城市的考验,更禁不起蒙牛、伊利等厂家跟进带来的冲击。
太子奶多年的资金积累几乎悉数用于产业扩张,再加上对房地产等暴利行业的觊觎和盲目投资,太子奶2008年手头很紧。随着银根紧缩,尤其是三聚氰胺引发全行业危机,太子奶与国际投行的赌命协议铁定完不成。
上一次,蒙牛赌赢了;这一次,太子奶赌输了,而且输得很惨!
唐华:落后加落后只会更落后
陕西国企迄今最大的破产案终于在2008年10月24日有了结局,唐华集团政策性破产取得了实质性进展,其下属5家老企业被法院宣告破产,5家新企业在此基础上成立。唐华集团全称为陕西唐华集团纺织印染集团有限责任公司,由总部位于北京的央属企业华诚投资管理有限公司以承债方式兼并而成,下属包括西北国棉三厂、西北国棉四厂、西北国棉六厂、陕棉十一厂、西北第一印染厂。
唐华进入破产程序后,西安市国资委通过财政拨款方式出资4100万元,在5家老企业的基础上成立了5家新企业,最大的4家企业注册资金也各只有1000万元。这与唐华集团新成立时的欢欣鼓舞形成了强烈的反差,更无法比拟五家老国企昔日的风光。
唐华集团成立于1999年8月10日,新华社发布消息称之为我国西部纺织行业资产重组中采取的重要步骤。甫成立的唐华集团拥有纱锭25万枚、布机5444台,年生产能力为各类纱线2.89万吨、布1.55亿米,资产总额13.26亿元,在职职工1.8万人。
华诚投资管理有限公司隶属于纺织工业总公司,而其兼并的西北国棉三厂、西北国棉四厂、陕棉十一厂、第一印染厂均是我国“一五”期间建立和发展起来的国有大型纺织企业。在这种背景下,唐华的市场力量自然不能小视。
唐华集团当时宣称,新的股份公司成立后,将进行大规模技术改造和设备重组,在充分发挥各企业原有优势的基础上,致力于开发家用纺织品、服装、装饰等高档次、高附加值的系列化产品,同时开发高科技和纺织品进出口贸易项目。
遗憾的是,唐华集团的这些愿望一直就没有实现过。
2007年8月,国务院将唐华集团及其下属企业列入政策性破产行列,并在今年7月22日正式移交西安市。由后者组织实施唐华集团政策性破产工作。
在被当地法院宣判破产之时,五家下属企业中,唐华一印已全面停产10年,职工全部靠领取下岗生活费维持生计。唐华六棉部分停产,大华公司、唐华三棉多年来亏损严重,随时面临全面停产的威胁。唐华四棉目前尚可维持生产经营周转,但计入还原债务利息后,也已亏损严重,生存艰难。
实际上,在唐华集团成立后,其重组的5家企业并没有因之而有起色,之前的病根也没有消除。1999年重组的根源在于纺织行业“压锭减员、兼并重组”的产业结构调整,当时陕西纺织业开始出现连年亏损局面。
最早陷入困境的是唐华一印,即原来的西北第一印染厂。二十世纪九十年代以后,该企业在国家宏观经济调控的大环境下被淘汰,于1997年7月28日全面停产。并入唐华后,其仍然没有找到发展方向。
唐华一印在业务开展上也裹足不前。1999年4月其与山东滨州印染厂合作,先后投入1200余万元启动生产,但因严重亏损于2000年12月第二次停产。2001年2月又与香港某公司尝试了“外资租赁”,但两个月后又出现了200余万元的亏损,合作再次失败。
连续启动生产失败,使唐华一印彻底被抛弃。此后该厂只能以出租厂房的方式生存。2002年开始,该厂通过变卖设备,彻底退出了纺织行业。至2007年,厂区已模仿北京的798工厂,变身为纺织城艺术区。
状况最好的是唐华四棉,即原来的西北第四棉纺织厂。在重组后,四棉加大了设备改造力度,先后投入资金近1.4亿元,开展了大规模的技术改造工作。先后更新和新装细纱机121台、国产倍捻机13台,引进日本村田21C型自动络筒机3台,安装双浆槽浆机3台,引进日本津田驹喷气织机213台。
但相比于东部省份纺织企业的投资规模,唐华四棉只是小儿科。根据陕西纺织协会的统计,唐华下属企业十年来的总投资规模严重落后,制约了企业的技术改造、规模扩大和产品的升级改造,其纱锭总量甚至不如山东的一个民营企业的三分之一。
唐华虽然拥有四家大型纺织企业,但在管理上,仍然难以迈过国企传统的弊病,四家企业各自为战,并没有形成集团优势。陕西省纺织协会秘书长李昭力认为,其企业管理理念和方式没有根本转变,还是套用过去的模式,行动缓慢跟不上市场节奏。
金乌:高利贷不能当地基
如今,在互联网上输入金乌集团的网址,是空空如也。金乌集团不仅老板逃了,连网站都“逃”了。此前的金乌集团网站还显示,该公司主要从事袜业、服装加工、纺织原材料批发、现代农业开发、酒店服务业等,共有14家子公司。其中包括“浙江娇丽袜业”、“义乌万盛化纤”、“金华江南农庄”、“深圳狄加贸易”、“义乌山图贸易酒店”等10家在国内的子公司,以及在阿联酋设立的4家海外子公司。2008年初,金乌集团总资产为10多亿元,拥有在职员工2000余人。
此外,金乌集团殊荣众多:2004年义乌最具竞争力企业、2006年浙江知名品牌产品、2006年诚信民营企业等等。而金乌集团老板张政建本人,则先后被授予金华市“十佳青年私营企业家”和浙江省“青年星火带头人”等荣誉称号。
然而,这样的一个明星企业,如今却让企业所在地义乌市大陈镇政府也陷入了无比尴尬的境地。2008年6月3日、4日,金乌老板张政建金蝉脱壳遁逃海外,留下约17亿多元巨额债务和一堆烂摊子无人处理。至7月8日,金乌集团在浙江省最后一家公司娇丽袜业两条生产线正式停产,曾经的“义乌第一纳税大户”金乌集团宣告土崩瓦解。
张政建是义乌大陈本地人,出生于1967年。上世纪80年代,初中刚毕业的张政建离开家乡,在河南、河北等地经销袜子,积累了经验和资金。1991年,他回到义乌经营袜业批发生意并于1994年办起了浙江娇丽袜业有限公司,此后不断滚动壮大。
1998年,张政建以浙江娇丽袜业和制衣有限公司为基础,组建了金乌集团有限公司,集农、工、商于一体,业务遍及杭州、北京、深圳和阿联酋。
不过,真正让张政建在义乌商圈闻名是在2004年,他投资1亿多元人民币,一举拿下了中国在迪拜的最大商贸城——“龙城”的500间商铺。而后,他又转回义乌为这些商铺招商,使“新光饰品”等义乌及其周边地区的几十个知名品牌借此打入中东市场。
商业上的巨大成功,让张政建充满了野心。从服装到酒店,从房地产到文化创意产业,尽管跨度很大,金乌集团依然不断涉足。然而除了金乌的主业娇丽袜业之外,张政建的这些投资大部分是利用外部资金。2004年买下迪拜“龙城”500间商铺的1亿多元人民币,据说就是来自于民间借贷。
据张政建好友透露,张政建花了近1亿元在义乌购买一块土地盖五星级酒店,跟别人合作开发太湖边1000亩土地的旅游项目,还拍下义乌北苑工业区300亩土地,但最后政府收回了180亩。
据称,类似于上述的拿地过程,张政建擅长使用一种“空手套白狼”式的资金运作:用民间借贷支付土地出让金,然后等土地手续办完再向银行融资,归还民间借贷。
由于张政建在业内口碑不错,还息及时,2007年之前,很多民间借贷都乐意借给金乌集团。但张政建显然没有预测到环环相扣的资金链条中隐含的危机:一旦宏观经济调控,银行收紧银根,最终企业将背上沉重的高利贷债务负担。
几年间,金乌集团的借贷越来越多,而民间借贷利息也水涨船高,从最开始的3分,到2007年初已涨到6分,2007年四五月份普遍涨到了9分,最后阶段,1角2分甚至1角5分的都有。
盲目扩张和饮鸩止渴的恶果终于到来。2007年下半年开始,由于银根紧缩,加之风闻金乌集团借入的高利贷已达很高数额,有一家义乌当地的小型银行开始回收金乌集团贷款,并终止继续放贷。
此事发生后,其他银行也意识到金乌可能存在比较大的资金链漏洞,纷纷开始催收。而民间借贷催债者也一拥而上,金乌集团的债务危机大规模爆发,张政建无力回天,只好逃之夭夭,匿迹海外。
据报道,张政建的手机有时还能打通,他曾跟联系上的媒体说:“我是从一个农民成为企业家的,我也做过慈善,很不容易,我现在还在想办法。”2007中国慈善排行榜企业榜榜单”显示,该企业年度捐赠120万元,位列年度企业慈善榜第179位。
根据义乌市政府公布的清查数据,金乌集团目前所涉及欠款大约为17亿多元。其中,拖欠8家银行贷款3.5亿元,均都有抵押物。另外的14亿元都为民间借贷,本金为8亿元,利息6亿元。金乌旗下的资产,远远不足以抵债。
南望:搞副业切忌无底线
2008年3月18日,浙江杭州西湖区的明星企业——南望集团突然遭到交通银行追堵,资金链被意外锁定,只许流入不许流出。消息惊动了南望的股东,惊动了民间借贷钱庄及担保企业,更惊动了急于收回贷款的各大银行。市场占有率位居国内同行业榜首的南望集团,为何瞬间倒下?
截至5月20日,根据中汇会计师事务所的初步审计,如持续经营的话,南望集团的资产总额为5.28亿元,负债总额为12.90亿元,净资产为-7.61亿元。
如此算来,南望的资产负债率高达244%。在如此高的资产负债率下运营,资金链一旦断裂,企业将遭遇生死劫。
张健,南望集团法人,任董事长、总经理,是一个靠技术出身的实干型企业家。1996年12月,他仅靠10万元创业,组建杭州南望电力科技有限公司,主营图像通信、数字监控等技术。后几经变身,成立南望集团,主营安防业务,旗下有多个子公司。
南望集团身上有两个烙印。一是时代烙印,即在1998年宽松的货币政策下,发展起来的一个典型的高科技民营企业。
二是属于“浙商”之列的地域烙印。南望集团受熏陶于浙江商帮最深厚的商业文化传统之中,即以血缘、亲缘和朋友圈为纽带,结成的一个融资担保网络的生存方式。
前一个烙印,促成张健的发迹;后一个烙印,是他败北的根由。
南望集团身上的光环是不可小视的:民族品牌、自主创新、火炬计划、高科技全部沾得上边。南望的荣誉,提3项就足够了:
一是2002年,被国家知识产权局授予“中国专利十佳企业”荣誉称号。破产时,南望拥有36个专利。南望崛起于技术创新的“尝鲜”,在业内是无法比拟的。
二是在“2007年中国软件业务收入前百家企业”中名列58位。事发后证明,其企业资产存在黑洞。但能获得此项荣誉也不可小觑。
三是从2002年12月31日,南望被浙江省信息产业厅认定为“软件企业”后,连续7年位列“浙江省软件企业十强”。
南望集团在其主营领域,并未辜负众望。它填补了国内技术空白,“浙江省重点企业”之名,南望是当之无愧的。
如果说张健有错,他错就错在在企业鼎盛之期,没有控制住个人的欲望。发展集团化与多元化,剑走偏锋,使企业成为他追逐欲望的牺牲品。
南望集团原本主营业务发展一直较为稳定,2001年销售额就近1亿元,辉煌时年销售额高达5亿元,但后来逐渐开始大举进入房地产、小水电等领域。
张健曾说,“我后来走多元化,就是出于防范危机。”不料想防范危机之举反倒酿造了危机。
2001年,张健买下浙江大学附近31.5亩土地,价格不过10万元/亩。2004年,他以下属公司之名购得杭州市余杭区闲林镇某村379亩土地。2003年,张健盘下了北京丰台科技园的星火大厦。这座烂尾楼,张健接盘的价格并不高。到2007年才完工,张健为此投入1.6亿元。
张健正巧碰上了房地产的高歌猛进时代。他运作的第一个商业地产项目——杭州市时代电子市场,让张健拿到了房地产领域的“第一桶金”。因此可以理解,后来有人出3亿元购买星火大厦时,张健为何拒绝。
虽然南望旗下土地有二三百亩,但均以工业地产拿的,流动性差。要实现其价值,还要投入大笔资金。并且,在拿到项目与真正拿到土地证之间,有时会有一两年的时间差。所以,短贷长投,不见效益,南望手中的地成了“吃人的土地”。
除了地产之外,张健还和德隆系产生了瓜葛。
南望的触角不止探到了房地产领域。2005年,张健投资近8000万元在云南大理修建2万千瓦水电站,匪夷所思的是,投资之前张健竟没有亲自去云南实地考察。这拍脑门的决策,后因无法从当地贷款、漏算了地质条件、出现人命事故等,破产之时才建成2/3。另外,南望还投资了重庆的水电站。
这些长线的固定资产投资,是张健越过董事会私自决定的。当主营业务不断为辅助业务输血时,张健四处举债。
奥运带来了杭州市安防企业的黄金时代。2007年,需求喷发,南望合同额比2006年增长100%,可南望却是忧大于喜。大部分工程都需要前期垫付资金。就在这一年,以紧缩为特征的货币政策频繁出台。张健发现,从银行贷到款已不那么容易了。
张健开始向民间高息融资。他前后共借了3.5亿元本金的高利贷,仅利息就高达2.4亿元,真可谓饮鸩止渴。
向银行拆借和民间高息融资,是张健的最后一招。当高风险显现时,张健尝到了盲目投资和废主偏辅的滋味。
南望是安防领域的好企业,张健自己也曾坦言,这一行业的利润能超过25%,但这样一个好的主业,终因为辅业输血过多而自身缺血而死,最终主辅俱亡。
合俊:出头鸟变身寒号鸟
2008年10月15日,全球最大的玩具代工商之一,合俊集团旗下在东莞樟木头镇的合俊玩具厂和俊领玩具厂同时宣布倒闭,约6500名员工失业。
同一天,合俊集团以“待刊发有关股价敏感资料的公告”为名宣布停牌。此前一天,合俊集团以0.08港元收出上市以来最低价。与2007年7月20日收盘的历史最高价2.38港元相比,15个月时间,股价缩水幅度高达95%。占有近40%股权的合俊集团董事局主席、执行董事胡锦斌,也遭遇到资产大缩水的苦果,从最高拥有合俊集团4.267亿港元,直接缩水到1434万港元。
合俊在美国金融危机的海啸中倒闭,很容易掩盖其自身资金断链的真相。
合俊集团是加拿大海归胡锦斌于1996年在东莞创立的。1995年,在一位美国朋友的帮助下,接了一张2500万件礼品的订单。他在东莞找了一间厂房,用了3个月时间完成了这笔订单,赚取的1700万港元成就了他在东莞的发家史。
在合俊发展历史中的首个5年里,合俊的设计、制模、生产、装配及包装等一站式生产模式,开始形成规模。生产的儿童硬胶及电子玩具、教育及消闲产品、毛绒玩具及体育用品等主要为全球品牌商OEM,其中包括Hasbro、MATTEL、MEGABLOKS、Oregon、MGA、SPINMASTER等。产品70%销往美国。
在第2个5年里,合俊开始构思有机整合垂直和水平生产系统。2004年,在OEM市场已站稳脚跟的合俊开始挺进成人玩具市场,并开始开发以USB线连接电脑的玩具猫之类的小玩具,以寻求新的增长点。
从2005年开始,合俊每年投入500万元,开展自己的设计及自家品牌业务。受益于玩具市场环境的整体向好,合俊连续多年销售额保持快速增长,2003年为4.79亿港元、2004年为5.51亿港元、2005年为7.09亿港元,年均增幅达20%以上。
鼎盛时期,合俊在东莞市和清远市共设有4间生产工厂,厂房生产面积达10万平方米,集团雇员1万人左右。
不俗的过往业绩、玩具行业仍属于朝阳行业的判断,刺激着胡锦斌通过上市融资进一步做大做强的信心。
2006年9月底,合俊以43倍的超额认购在香港联交所风光上市,募得资金6600万港元,成为中国玩具业的出头鸟。
当年11月底,合俊又与濒临倒闭的雅田国际签订为期三年的合作协定,成为雅田遥控车及路轨车产品的唯一生产商。胡锦斌当时预计有关项目可于2007年为合俊带来1.5亿元营业额。但结果并非所愿,雅田非但没能被救活,还使合俊近2亿元打了水漂,这成为一个重要的转折点。合俊当年收入首度低于预期。
2007年10月底,合俊又以3.09亿港元总代价收购福建省大安银矿勘探权。但这家银矿至今都没有拿到开采许可证,无法给公司带来收益。这直接导致公司资金链紧张。
更不幸的是银行贷款的途径也走不通了。合俊集团的贷款银行全部集中在香港,分别是星展、恒生、香港上海汇丰、瑞穗实业、南洋商业、渣打和法国巴黎银行香港分行等7家,内地没有银行贷款。
对合俊来说,2008年更是雪上加霜。主要原料塑胶价格上涨20%;五金、电子、包装等材料成本也增加10%;东莞最低工资标准从2008年4月提高到770元后,部分人工成本上升12%。三方面汇总,成本整体上升10%左右。
这样一来,毛利率开始逐渐下滑,其中,樟洋厂从2006年的13%下降到2007年的10%,2008年为5%6~%。宝山和清远厂的情况大抵如此。
2008年6月,合俊在樟木头的厂房遭受水灾,受损约达6750万港元。截至6月底,该集团总资产8.36亿元,总负债5.32亿元,其中流动负债便达5.3亿元;净负债比率为71.8%,而2007年为41.9%。
胡锦斌求助于年销售额上百亿的德昌电机,对方承诺从2008年8月份开始,合俊生产的美泰、IDT的产品由德昌垫付材料款。但美泰方面回款必须先经过德昌,扣除垫款后再转给合俊。
有了德昌垫付的近3000万港元材料款,合俊才稳住供货商,得以暂渡难关。但并没能让合俊起死回生,资金链亦无法续接。
无奈,合俊以2690万元出售其在清远市佛冈的一块土地,并且定向增发2500万港元,但这笔钱显然未能起到力挽狂澜的作用。
2008年上半年,合俊集团销售额为3.87亿港元,同比微增2.9%,因合俊的业务严重依赖美洲市场的出口,加上上半年外围经济环境不佳,导致其上半年亏损就高达2.05亿港元,总负债高达5.32亿港元。
2008年10月14日,工人担心拿不到工资而拒绝开工。当天下午,樟木头镇政府关于德昌电机接手合俊的谈判失败,晚上,宣布合俊两厂破产倒闭,成为美国金融危机拖死中国实体经济企业的第一案。
一个玩具业的出头鸟最终证明是一只寒号鸟。
一新制药:退路须是安全路
2008年8月13日,又一名浙江籍民营企业家自杀身亡了!
新自杀者名叫郑亚津,系国家中成药50强企业——浙江一新制药有限公司董事长。
据悉,一新制药厂的前身是一个面临倒闭的国营纸箱厂,郑亚津调来该厂后借“小儿喜食糖浆”迅速扭亏为盈,并带领一新纸箱厂成功转型改制,成为一家以中药生产和药品出口为主的民营制药厂,主要生产和销售中西药制剂、原料药、植物提取物和保健品。药品类别多为治疗感冒咳嗽等常见病。从此一新制药踏上了辉煌的二十年,与康恩贝、天一堂同为当地制药业“三驾马车”。
1997年至2006年,公司规模达到鼎盛,连续10年跻身兰溪纳税超千万元以上十大企业,在兰溪所有企业中位列第12位。一新制药还一度入选国家中成药50强企业。旗下主打的“一新小儿喜食糖浆”等在上世纪末一度成为明星品牌,其年销售额大约7000万~9000万元。
郑亚津曾给人留下最深刻的印象就是做事有魄力有主见。1989年郑亚津刚组建一新厂时意气风发,当年他力排众议,砸下一千万广告费为“小儿喜食糖浆”铺路,从而成就了一新药厂以后的辉煌。然而,近几年,郑亚津却变得低调内向。
据悉,这源于公司2000年以后的大扩张。自一新制药搬了新厂址后便开始了大规模的扩张,涉及房产、新药等多个领域,作为主业不振之后的退路。
摊子铺得太快太大,导致资金链日趋紧张。而此时,感冒药市场的竞争日趋激烈,商家大打价格战。加上近两年国家宏观调控,招标现价等要求对中小企业带来不小的冲击。一新制药出口产品集中在原料药和植物提取物,这些高度受制于原材料供应的产品类别近年来利润空间更是进一步被压缩。
除此之外,一新制药厂落后的家族管理模式也是导致其衰落的重要原因。据悉,自上世纪80年代末,郑亚津白手起家将该厂改制成一新制药股份有限公司。其中郑亚津占了70%以上的股份,因此在过去的近20年里,一新制药始终采用“家族式”管理模式,除了董事长一职外,公司总经理、采购经理等重要位置上也都是郑亚津的亲属,不过由于当时制药行业竞争并不激烈,加上得到当地政府的大力扶持,这种管理模式所带来的弊端也一直没有显现出来。直到2007年,随着行业竞争的日益残酷,以及国家货币从紧政策的实施,这种小作坊管理的模式显然已无法适应企业的规模化发展。
2000年以后公司效益一直走下坡路,逐渐被挤出了当地纳税大户前十名。近几年,一新制药生产线停个一两条是常有的事。2007年以来,公司基本上处于半停产状态。而当初轰轰烈烈成立的房地产公司、投资公司等基本上都“名存实亡”。
真正逼郑亚津走上绝路的可能是一新去年投入近5000万元开发的药物中间体项目。该项目最终没能打开市场,以至资金无法回笼,周转不灵,导致巨额亏损。据兰溪市检验检疫局提供的数据显示,去年一新制药出口中间体43批,出口额仅67万美元。
2007年以来,原材料大幅涨价、人民币升值等原因给中药生产企业和以药品出口为主的企业带来了巨大的压力,加上前期多元化导致的资金紧张,为筹集流动资金,郑亚津向当地几家民间“投资公司”借了数千万元,加上还欠着职工的筹资款1200万元,一新制药一时间债台高筑。原本以为可以通过银行转贷,却没想到华夏银行突然抽资500万元,可以说这一抽资让一新制药的资金链彻底崩溃。
据中国银监会网站公布的2008年一季度数据显示,浙江的银行平均不良贷款率仅为1.29%,即便是在“经济最困难的年份”,这个数字在第一季度仍降低了0.15个百分点。一方面是资金“贫血”的企业嗷嗷待哺,另一方面却是银行为了确保既得利益而拼命扎紧钱袋子,银企交恶成为浙江经济界之痛。
不久前,郑亚津曾与当地另一家知名制药企业洽谈过兼并事宜,想以“零转让”的方式把一新转给对方,但对方以一新制药债务庞大为由没有同意。此外,郑亚津也一心想把一新制药推上市,并一直在积极筹划,但至今仍未能实现。
一连串的打击让原本就性格内向的郑亚津倍感身负重压。就在自杀当晚,郑曾发了一条短信给一位好友:“我真的受不了了。”
目前兰溪市政府正在讨论如何拯救这家濒于破产的企业。
华夏证券:航空母舰不敌老鼠仓
曾为我国三大证券公司之一的华夏证券最终未能熬过2008年,但它不是受寒而死,而是多年重病未愈。
2008年11月17日,北京市第二中级人民法院召开首次华夏证券破产债权人大会,向债权人通报初步审查结果。结果显示,共有148家债权人申报债权,目前完成核定的有140家,初步确定的债权总额为66亿余元,其中一号债权人的债权金额就达到20多亿元。
今后,偿还这些债权人的资金将通过对华夏证券相关财产的择机变现、公开拍卖等,方式实现,但这些资产已经少得可怜。
华夏证券成立于1992年10月,由工行牵头的五大国有银行作为主要股东,注册资本金10亿元,这在当时可谓规模巨大。
殷实的背景让华夏证券在短短几年内便成为行业新贵,1995年起,华夏证券在证券交易额、营业收入、利润总额等行业指标排名中均位于前列,与南方证券、国泰证券一起,并称为中国三大全国性证券公司。辉煌时旗下拥有91家营业部和24家证券服务部,并创造了许多令同行垂涎的第一:第一家全国交易联网,第一家实现全国统一清算,第一家实现保证金集中管理等。
但这些第一最终败给了另外一些“第一”。
1994年初,人民银行向券商传递了证券与实业“两个轮子一起转”的思想,同其他券商一样,华夏证券也加入到了投资实业的大潮,多项第一接踵而来。
华夏证券从事实业投资毫无顾忌,高速公路、房地产、酒楼、典当行都只能算常规投资,脑袋最烫时,华夏曾耗资5.8亿元购买乌克兰航空母舰“瓦良格”号一事,不仅成为整个券商行业的第一,在整个中国金融业都“独树一帜”。
比航空母舰更要命的是华夏证券这些资金并非盈利所得,而是动用了股民的交易保证金。
1998年7月10日,在证监会的要求下,华夏证券向全体分支机构下达了“110号文件”开始对违规事件进行查处。在随后的一年时间里,华夏证券被查出约有30亿元的保证金被挪用,时任董事长邵淳引咎辞职。之后,由中国证监会任命的“四人小组”进入华夏证券,1999年接手时发现华夏证券背负着57亿挪用保证金的窟窿和60亿不良资产,这对一家券商来说,已经相当于绝症。
“四人小组”本来的使命是改组、处理华夏证券,然而他们进入后发现,这个已经不怕开水烫的公司,反而容易吃到肉。
于是,打着归还股民保证金的旗号,
华夏证券疯狂地对外融资,尤其是高息揽存。
从工作小组进入到第二次重组期间,华夏证券每年的融资利息就高达3.5亿,正是靠着这样的高成本融资和增资扩股筹到的钱,才先后归还41亿保证金,但华夏证券也因此承受了近20亿元的高额财务费用。
华夏证券的另一赌则是2000年起大规模重仓持股西藏矿业、太极集团,资金来源既有公司自有资金,也有委托理财资金,几年下来,华夏证券损失惨重,但 “四人小组”中的总裁赵大建却赚得腰包撑破。
不得已,北京市2001年5月派周济谱任华夏证券董事长,收拾残局。华夏证券的“四人小组”时代结束,但赵大建仍留任总裁一职。
2002年,证券行业受熊市困扰进入寒冬期,华夏证券也深陷其中不能自拔。2004年,华夏证券亏损严重。与此同时,赵大建与周济谱在管理上的一些重大分歧也逐渐公开化。当年6月,二人同时被撤换。
周济谱、赵大建被撤换后,华夏证券危机全面曝光。经审计发现,与截至2001年12月的数据相比,至2004年6月,华夏证券总资产、利润总额、净利润均呈现幅度惊人的下降,其中总资产下降37.2%,利润总额下降3348.72%,净利润下降6289.6%。
随之披露的还有一系列不良经营数据:截至2004年6月,华夏证券挪用客户保证金16亿元、委托理财规模为34亿元、投资股票的市值缩水到7亿元、自营投资累计亏损达17.9亿元、国债欠库约10亿元,另外还有10多亿元的经营性亏损,华夏证券的亏损总额达到惊人的55—60亿元。
2005年12月15日,中国证监会和北京市人民政府发文决定撤销华夏证券公司的业务许可,华夏证券也就此结束了自己券商生涯。
五谷道场:借力打力不可四面受力
萧瑟的经济寒冬中,苟延残喘一年多的五谷道场呼出了最后一口气——它因资不抵债向法院申请破产重整已于2008年11月间获得批准。败局已定,此后的法律程序中,五谷道场要么借尸还魂,得以转生;要么魂飞魄散,永堕阎罗。
五谷道场曾被业内喻为一匹黑马,从名不见经传到鼎盛辉煌,不过五年,而再到危机重重,则仅短短3年。
1999年9月9日,原华龙集团西北市场的总经销商王中旺以自己的名字注册成立了河北隆尧中旺食品有限公司。虽然创业时仅有启动资金180万元、13个农民股东、一条3万包方便面小生产线,但中旺的目标却直指方便面行业宝座。
2003年12月,康师傅注资3亿元人民币和中旺集团联合成立“河北三太子实业有限公司”,中旺集团与康师傅各占50%股权,合作经营“三太子”牌油炸方便面。虽然此后双方因经营理念不合分手,但王中旺却从中积累了进一步扩张的资本和经验。
2004年,中旺集团已经号称在全国拥有16个生产基地、100余条方便面生产线、员工12000余人,总资产30亿元。是年,中旺集团北京五谷道场食品技术开发有限公司注册成立,2005年正式运作后,旋即高举高打,当年11月起,中旺以1.7亿元在央视黄金时段投放由著名演员陈宝国代言的五谷道场广告,主题词为“拒绝油炸,留住健康”。
中旺却一夜之间成为搅局名家,市场反应热烈,2006年3、4月份,产品一度供不应求。这个野蛮的搅局者,借着炒作,硬是踩着统一、康师傅等油炸方便面“大佬”的肩膀,顺利上位,兵不血刃地冲进了中国方便面市场的前四名。
五谷道场迎来生命中的巅峰,但巅峰也是拐点。
“非油炸”的概念,辅以巨额广告轰炸,把铁板一样的方便面市场生生劈成两半:“油炸”和“非油炸”。但很快就遭到不少方便面对手的反攻,不可一世的王中旺很快就感受到了对手的厉害。
2006年6月,国家六部委联合出面声明——油炸面对健康无害,这是对手们联合公关的结果,也是对王中旺最有力的反戈一击。
但尝过甜头的王中旺已经对此麻木,他在盘算着如何借非油炸的东风再下一城,以规模优势逼走对手。
搅局大获成功之后,五谷道场很快踏上扩张之路。据公开资料,从2005年底到2007年初,中旺投资集团全部精力放在扩大规模上,从北京基地的投产,到吉林、江西、四川、广东中旺公司等基地的纷纷竣工投产,由于扩张和延续的广告支出及研发新品等各种费用的集中使用,过去出现了短时期的资金紧张导致个别问题的出现:供应商货款给付不及时,以及经销商无法正常发货、拖欠广告费等,五谷道场的资金经历着前所未有的考验。
一系列问题的积累终于在2007年爆发。
2007年9月,即有传言五谷道场资金链严重断裂,以致出现拖欠员工工资,北京、上海、重庆等多地供货短缺的现象。
2007年年底,由于长期拖欠工人工资和经销商货款,五谷道场位于北京房山区的工厂被查封,五谷道场资金链断裂传闻终被证实,包括银行贷款在内,五谷道场资金链断裂涉资总额5000余万元。五谷道场危机赤裸裸地浮出水面。
资金困顿之时,五谷道场也曾向同行呼救。从2008年起,中旺投资集团董事长王中旺一度尝试多种方式融资,但包括统一集团等食品企业均未对其施以“援手”,五谷道场自吞恶果。而五谷道场庞大的负债以及存在的不确定性的风险,又令唯一欲收购五谷道场的中粮集团望而却步。[世界经理人数据http://data.icxo.com]
在历经一年的融资洽谈无果后,五谷道场无奈地向法院提交了破产重整申请。据五谷道场向法院提供的最新数据表明,截至2008年8月31日,公司资产总额为1亿余元,但负债6亿余元。
龙讯网: web3.0门户未捷身先死
2007年12月26日,龙讯网在北京高调宣布一个崭新的web3.0门户时代将以10亿元投资的大手笔拉开。
3个月后,龙讯网以一则张贴于办公地大门玻璃上的纸条告知所有人:龙讯网已申请破产。在拖欠包括公司CEO李宋在内的数百名员工以及物业公司高达400余万元欠款后,龙讯网轰然倒塌,投资人不知所踪。
从上线到关闭,龙讯网仅仅3个月的历程充斥着初始的高调、行进中的冲动以及败落后的荒唐。这个由龙讯网董事长夏兴隆称之为“10亿打造的Web 3.0时代世界性综合门户”在事后发现只不过是一个“忽悠”员工、企图抽逃出资的幌子。
早在2002年,夏兴隆任成都某超市老总期间就以合作为名,骗取重庆、深圳等地多家公司数千万元被警方刑拘。而在龙讯网上线两个月,夏兴隆与公司另一个股东王文章即已抽走900万元资金。闹剧结束,龙讯网最终落得“世界上最短命门户”的宿命。
华联三鑫:盲目扩张遭市场严惩
2008年9月26日,国内最大的PTA(精对苯二甲酸)生产商华联三鑫宣告停产,这使原本就处于低迷期的PTA行业雪上加霜。
华联三鑫创立于2003年3月,于2005年6月正式投产。在此后仅半年的时间里,其PTA产量便达到39万吨,累计销售收入21.77亿元,净利润1.02亿元。
凭着傲人的成绩,华联三鑫不仅受到省市领导的重视,并且获得了华联控股等股东的大力支持。尽管PTA投产项目资金不菲,股东们仍通过对外担保的方式不断向银行借款,用于建设第二、三期工程。
2006年,在股东们的支持下,华联三鑫的生产能力很快达到120万吨,成为国内最大的PTA生产基地。
但股东们的高投入没有带来相应的回报,华联三鑫二期项目投产之时,PTA已经供应过剩,同时原料价格增长又挤占PTA的利润空间。受此影响,华联三鑫2006年业绩出现大幅下滑,利润率下降一半。
然而,华联三鑫并未因此警戒,2007年1月再次扩产,年生产能力达到180万吨,彻底踏上死亡之旅。
2007年,PTA行业急转直下,华联三鑫巨亏9.6亿元。此后,企业流动资金便一再告急,负债总额高达99.12亿元。
临死之前,为求最后一搏,公司2008年8月大举介入高风险的PTA期货交易,结果被套,垂死变成了暴毙。
大同水泥:老国企寿终未正寝
2008年11月4日,山西大同水泥集团(大水集团)宣告破产,一个刚刚过完50岁生日的国有企业走向了死亡。
山西大同水泥集团始建于1957年,是新中国成立后“一五”期间引进前民主德国设备,并由我国自行设计、施工建成的国内第一座大型水泥生产企业。1997年,集团于深交所挂牌交易。
其生产的“云冈”牌系列水泥多次被评为“山西省名牌产品”,并广泛应用于首都10大建筑、南京长江大桥、毛主席纪念堂、亚运场馆、北京西站、太旧高速公路、万家寨水利枢纽等国家重点工程建设,并达到年产150万吨的全国大型水泥骨干企业。
大同水泥“倒煤”始于1993年左右,公司投资7亿元修建了两条使用煤作为主要能源的湿法生产线,但不料煤价日益上涨,湿法生产效益明显下降,再加上机制老化,公司未及时果断扭转,使曾经的创新变成了公司日益沉重的负担。
2005年、2006年,大同水泥连续两年亏损, 2007年借助政府3000万元环保拨款,*ST大水才得以保“壳”。
2008年3月至2008年8月,大同水泥先后又经历三次停产,并在此期间进行了三次混乱的重组,最终不得不破产清算,究竟花落谁家还不得而知。
华启:早跑路 少赔钱
2008年10月,冬天还没有到来,华东部分网站站长却感受到了冬天的寒意。14日上午,华启数据在其官方网站发布了一封致客户道歉信:因和电信的合同出现资金问题,被电信强制断网,只能恳请广大独立服务器客户自己同电信重新协调签订合同。
华启数据是一家专门从事服务器托管的公司,主要在上海的机房存放虚拟主机,成立七年以来,服务中小网站逾千户。华启数据与中国电信和中国网通都签订了战略合作协议,租用中国电信和中国网通数百平方米的电信级IDC机房,到ChinaNET、CNCNET骨干带宽已开通1GB,另有2.5GB作为备份线路。冬天没有到来,却传出“老板跑路”的消息,目前安徽炎黄已经接手了华启数据这个品牌及这个品牌下承载的虚机及域名业务的用户。
主机托管、域名服务行业本来就是微利,一旦市场的需求减少,公司就可能出问题。华启数据的客户服务部经理证实,华启数据拖欠电信50余万元,欠安徽炎黄18万元和上海雅堂网络3.8万元,还欠其他各家公司的债务;另外,拖欠员工的工资和社保还未列入统计。
欠债百万而倒闭不由让人生疑,这位华启数据的客户经理表示,欠款都还是小问题,主要是负责人刘骅丧失信心,决定早跑路,少赔钱。
张勇:炒金大鳄落法网
2008年8月1日,因涉嫌非法经营黄金期货,浙江世纪黄金制品有限公司董事长张勇——这位杭州大名鼎鼎的“炒金大鳄”终于被捕,涉案金额高达600亿元。虽然被定义为高智商犯罪,张勇玩的伎俩无非是以炒家想赚大钱的贪性使他们越套越深,而他则在后台坐收渔翁之利。2005年6月,在未取得审批的情况下,张勇在自己的“杭州新世纪纪念币有限公司”和“中国纪念币交易网”基础上,创建了“世纪黄金网”,推出“世纪金条”远程交易系统,并参照保证金制度、资金放大杠杆机制和强制平仓等期货经营的基本规则对《客户协议书》进行修改,将原先协议书上的“保证金”改成“定金”,“强行平仓”改为‘违约处置’,“佣金”改成“隔夜费”、“网络使用费”等内容,掩人耳目。
张勇借着法律上的漏洞玩得顺风顺水,就连杭州证监局也拿他没辙,2007年2月当地警方下发了“无法认定世纪黄金公司的行为为黄金期货交易”的通知。直到2007年4月15日,随着国家加强了对黄金期货的监管和对非法黄金期货的查处,新的《期货交易管理条例》正式实施,张勇的行为才被认定为非法黄金期货交易,至此那些倾家荡产的炒家才算找着了靠山。
今年以来,随着上海联泰百亿“地下炒金”案告破、张卫星的“黄金帝国”高德黄金爆仓,再至“炒金大鳄”张勇的落网,“地下炒金”的恶势逐一曝光。而这些还只是冰山一角,“地下炒金”仍然比较猖獗,交易量巨大,参与者众多,在给正规黄金市场和正常经济秩序带来冲击的同时,受害的还是那些不明真相的投资者。
九九中国:圈钱没赶上好时候
中国流行音乐总评榜官方网站九九中国(www.99.cn)倒闭时,距离它正式上线还不足一年,成为美国金融危机影响下,国内第一家由于风投撤资而关门的互联网公司。
“中国流行音乐总评榜”是由中华人民共和国文化部主管,中央电视台、中国音乐著作权协会、香港无线电视广播有限公司、澳门广播电视股份有限公司、台湾TVBS、东风卫视、中天卫视以及全国其他地方电视台联合协办的惟一的国家级音乐排行榜。作为总评榜官方网站,在吸引人气方面还算不错,比如总评榜专门为草根歌手设置“最受欢迎网络男歌手”、“最受欢迎网络女歌手”、“最受欢迎网络乐队及组合”三大奖项,其报名办法就是登录九九中国上传个人音乐作品。但是这种人气并没有转化成足够的广告收入,加上由于相当数量的网民不认同针对知识产权的收费,九九中国也无法通过音乐下载获得足够的收入。
由于没有成熟的盈利模式,仅靠概念和用户流量来吸引风险投资,当美国金融风暴愈演愈烈,风险投资公司也要勒紧腰带过日子时,九九中国等靠故事圈钱烧钱的网站将难以为继。九九中国倒下了,之后可能还会有一串创意烧钱型的中小网站濒临绝境。
中谷糖业:赌心过重压倒实业
中谷糖业集团在广西和湛江共有6家糖厂,是当地糖业一大巨头,总资产13.8亿元。种植糖蔗43万亩,甘蔗产量200多万吨,日榨甘蔗生产能力2.3万吨,2006年销售收入10.8亿元。2003年和2005年两度荣获广东省百强民营企业、广东省优秀民营企业称号。
2008年10月15日,46岁的广东中谷糖业集团董事长兼总裁庞贵雄在湛江霞山区荣基花园跳楼身亡。事发后,当地法院立案厅奔赴中谷集团的6大工厂查封财产。除了蔗农债务,中谷集团还向私人客户借贷,加上国内几大银行的债务,估算总额高达10亿元。
尽管到现在为止,“糖王”庞贵雄之死仍是个谜,但有一点可以确定,那就是“糖王”在生前进行了错误的“对赌”操作,以至于在金融危机袭来之际身陷“债务泥潭”。
最近期货市场的暴跌是逼死“糖王”的最后一根稻草。2008年元旦至春节期间,白糖期货价格由3600元/吨一路飙升到5385元/吨;加上雪灾减产因素,很多糖企都看涨后市,纷纷存货待售。但随后糖价急转直下,白糖901合约至10月10日已最低跌至2652元/吨,比峰值缩水一半有余。在这波下跌中,中谷糖业集团不仅没有逢高售糖,反而将糖抵押给银行,换回资金寻求扩张,最终招来了贷款银行追债,一些债权人甚至雇人守住庞贵雄,就连出外吃饭都被人跟踪。加上已经患糖尿病多年,定期要大把服药,庞贵雄最终不堪精神与身体的双重负担。
领跑体育:轻度联盟经不起重度考验
牢牢掌握中国体育服装及运动鞋销售渠道的三巨头之首,占据耐克、阿迪达斯、锐步、匡威等国内市场近25%的国内体育销售渠道商巨头——中国领跑体育股份公司,日前因风投公司资金不到位,已于2008年10月中旬正式宣布解散。
2006年前的国内体育零售市场基本处于诸侯争霸时代,从2007年开始,各路诸侯展开并购。2007年香港上市的百丽以建设终端为中心,将店铺覆盖到全国县级市。而宝元背靠台湾宝成企业,不但牢牢占据生产环节,还努力占领市场渠道。
2007年8月3日,为了对抗百丽和宝元,深圳的龙浩、四川的劲浪、浙江的锐力、沈阳的鹏达联手组建了领跑公司,形成三足鼎立格局,2007年,三大巨头中任意一家的销售额均超过50亿元。
但仅仅活了短短一年,这家组合公司便因资金问题,不得不以解散告终。最终,4家公司绕了一圈,还是回到了起点。
金融危机是造成领跑解散的最主要原因,因为它的国外风投公司现在都在急救本土的企业,根本无暇顾及其他事情。
保兴集团:贪图山高跑死马
在浙江义乌经商20余年的叶荣兴,在事业即将登上巅峰之际,欠下5亿元巨款,突然下落不明。2008年6月18日,金华市中级人民法院以6600万元的底价拍卖义乌运输巨头保兴集团112亩土地使用权、部分房屋建筑物等,用以偿还债务。
1982年底,叶荣兴承包了义乌市赤岸镇上吴村一台闲置的拖拉机,运输建筑材料,赚到了“第一桶金”。至1992年,他已经拥有8台拖拉机,积攒了第一个100万。此后,叶荣兴又与义乌市保安公司联手成立了一家运输公司,专营“义乌-广州”的货物运输。2年后,公司的货车达到30辆。至2002年,货车超过1300辆,公司对每辆车一个月收取200元管理费。
1996年,叶荣兴还注册成立义乌市保兴汽车销售公司,并与农行义乌市支行合作,在浙江省首创“按揭买车”的营销策略。
2003年,保兴公司货车销量达到1289辆,销售额已经超过2亿元,位居浙江省第一名。2004年,保兴公司被评为义乌市“百强企业”。
2005年,受宏观调控政策影响,货车分期付款被指有风险,农行义乌市支行不再办理此类贷款,再加上运输公司“利润”被剥离,叶荣兴决定另谋出路。2002年,他大手笔买下义乌市上溪镇义西工业园区112亩工业用地,建起了销售楼、办公楼和改装车车间;注册成立奔兴汽车销售公司、国兴汽车改装厂。之后叶荣兴又与人合股成立蒲公英文化公司,但都不了了之。
为缓解紧张的现金流,叶荣兴将厂区内的车厢厂、维修中心转包出去还不够,又大举向民间借贷,年利率高达60%,贪图暴利的叶荣兴最终被暴利玩弄。
厦门星星:新龙头死于老毛病
2008年10月26日,厦门星星对外宣布停工,董事长黄忠国也宣布了重组计划,公司3000多名工人的工资也应政府支持陆续发放。厦门星星的供应商财茂集团正式介入重组,有望成为星星的新股东。
黄忠国1997年成立了厦门星星工艺品有限公司,后来于2003年创立厦门星星实业有限公司。厦门星星一起步就把自己定位在专业生产以树脂和塑胶为主要原料的高级西洋式消费品,年出口额超过5000万美元,并以每年超过1000万美元的速度持续增长。由于扩张速度过快,在大家都准备过冬的时候,星星的大规模扩张很快使企业陷入困境。
一方面,人民币升值、劳动力成本上涨和原材料成本上扬,使得星星公司的生产成本急剧上升;另一方面,受金融危机的影响,采购商的货款迟迟未能到位。由于星星生产的以树脂、蜡烛原料为主的西洋式工艺品,如圣诞节、复活节等相关礼品,全都销往欧美等地,主要客户又是沃尔玛、美国好市多、J.C.PENNEY、K-MART等世界著名连锁大卖场,在金融风暴袭击下,这些采购商的消费能力大大减弱,直接减少了星星公司的订单来源。
此外,星星公司还面临巨额的欠款。目前星星欠福建泉州等地的供应商货款已经达到1.2亿元,在今年10月份,由于2亿多元的银行欠款到期,星星还遭到银行起诉。除此之外,星星未竣工的厂房也有1亿多元的欠款。目前,星星还背负着大约5亿元左右的债务。一个刚刚崛起的行业新龙头,因为过于求快,寒风一吹就这样烟消云散了。
安凡微电子:活项目毁于死心眼
这是一个在2009年达到1000万部的宏伟计划,不过作为CMMB(中国移动多媒体广播)的一个小供应商,安凡微电子还没进入市场就倒闭了。2008年11月3日,上海安凡微电子公司39名员工向上海浦东新区劳动争议仲裁委员会提出劳动仲裁申请,请求讨还拖欠两个月的工资。安凡微电子在10月30日已将所有员工解雇。
安凡微电子是2005年由软银中国创业投资和其CEO张平山共同投资成立,最初专注于DAB移动电视芯片研发,目标市场为欧美。
至2007年初,安凡微电子开始涉足CMMB芯片研发,计划于今年年底实现量产,成为目前业内唯一一家全系列移动电视前端方案的提供商。
鉴于良好的市场前景,以及对金融风暴的影响预估不足,张平山今年拒绝了软银的二次注资提议。这也使安凡微电子在欧美市场受挫后,失去了自救的能力。
最终,安凡微电子过长的产品线迅速榨干了其资金池,至辞退员工前,其产品涉及DAB、DVB-T、DTMB、CMMB、DVB-H,以及比CMMB更耗钱的Tuner项目。
安凡微电子视为救命稻草的CMMB甚至还没有获得进入市场的机会。工信部至今仍未正式表态为手机电视标准颁发入网证,同时,CA认证(条件接收技术)的时间表也没有明确。这为像安凡微电子一样翘首以待的设备提供商带来了极大的不确定性。
讯芯半导体:寒风吹倒高科技幌子
2008年10月20日,讯芯半导体(上海)有限公司因资金链断裂,公司老板毅然决然地加入了由珠三角、长三角老板们正流行的“跑路运动”,再无影踪,留下的是已欠薪4个月之久的员工。
讯芯半导体公司于2006年1月在张江海外创新园区注册经营,公司性质为有限责任公司(外商合资),经营范围有半导体(集成电路)元器件的开发、设计、制作,计算机软件的开发、设计、制作,销售自产产品,并提供相关的技术咨询和技术服务等。在经济衰退寒流来袭之前,讯芯半导体和其他高科技产业一样,曾以其美好的发展前景引来了美国硅谷“老牌”创业投资基金Mayfield Fund以及GSR Fund等的大笔投资。
如今,讯芯老板的逃跑,给中国的半导体产业敲响了警钟。来自中国半导体行业协会的数据显示,今年上半年,大陆地区的半导体产业上、中、下游都受到了宏观经济衰退的负面影响,而台湾地区的半导体产业却展现出较强的抗风险能力,不少台湾企业仍然保留和延续了对先进工艺的研发投入。
German bond sale’s fate signals trouble ahead
By David Oakley
January 7 2009
A German sovereign bond auction failed on Wednesday as investors shunned one of the most liquid and safe assets in the world in a warning for governments seeking to raise record amounts of debt to stimulate slowing economies.
The fate of the first eurozone bond auction of 2009 signals trouble ahead as governments around the world hope to issue an estimated $3,000bn in debt this year, three times more than in 2008.
The 10-year bonds failed to attract enough bids to reach the €6bn the German government wanted. Bids of €5.24bn, a cover of only 87 per cent, amounted to the second worst auction on record in terms of demand.
Such developments were rare before the credit crisis. Before the seven German bond auctions that failed last year, the last German bond auction to fail was in July 2000 after the dotcom crash.
Analysts said the vast amount of supply is deterring investors and a growing number of countries, including those with deep and mature bond markets, such as Germany, the UK and Italy, are struggling to attract buyers.
The Netherlands has seen bond auctions fail, the UK and Italy have been forced to offer investors higher yields to meet their auction targets, while Spain and Belgium have cancelled offerings because of a lack of demand.
The German finance agency admitted that investor appetite for government debt had waned, although insisted the auction was “not a disappointment”.
Meyrick Chapman, a UBS fixed-income strategist, said when a German bond auction failed it “does suggest there may be trouble ahead for other governments wanting to raise money in the debt markets. Before the financial crisis, German bond auctions just did not fail.”
However, analysts stress the heavy supply is being offset by fears of deflation and recession, which are typically supportive to government bonds and have depressed yields, which have an inverse relationship with price, to historical lows.
The UK on Wednesday successfully sold £2bn in gilts due to mature in 2038. But Robert Stheeman, chief executive of the UK Debt Management Office, has warned that the large supply of debt could deter buyers of gilts. Britain is planning to raise £146.4bn in bonds this financial year – three times more than last year.
China busts 40 illegal banks in five months
January 10, 2009
Chinese authorities busted more than 40 major illegal private banks from July to November this year, the Ministry of Public Security (MPS) said here Friday.
The illegal banks were uncovered in a five-month joint operation between the MPS, the People's Bank of China and the State Administration of Foreign Exchange, in eastern Fujian and Jiangxi provinces and southern Guangdong Province.
The ministry did not give an exact number of cases, but said the illegal operations involved 100 billion yuan (14.6 billion U.S. dollars).
According to the MPS, underground banks served as an important channel for money laundering and illegal foreign exchange deals. Such operations had "seriously disturbed China's domestic finance and foreign exchange market order."
The Ministry vowed to step up efforts in cracking down on illegal banking operations in the future and warned the public to keep away from such operations.
In December last year, the country proposed more severe punishments for illegal banking services in a draft amendment to the Criminal Law submitted to a bi-monthly session of the National People's Congress (NPC) Standing Committee, China's top legislature.
Authorities uncovered 42 cases of underground banking between Sept. 2007 and Sept. 2008, involving a total of 84.4 billion yuan ($12.3 billion).
China's 4Q business climate index drops on slowing economy
January 09, 2009
China's business climate index fell for the second quarter in a row during the final three months of 2008 as economic conditions deteriorated sharply, the National Bureau of Statistics said.
The index was 107, vs. 128.6 in the third quarter. The index was 137.4 in the second quarter and 136.2 in the first quarter, the bureau said.
The index ranges from zero to 200. A reading above 100 shows economic expansion, while a reading below 100 indicates contraction. The survey began in 1998.
The index for industry was 98.5, down 27.3 points quarter-on-quarter. The indices for wholesalers and retailers and property developers slid by 16.4 points and 17.2 points to 127.2 and 101.7, respectively.
The index for domestic publicly traded companies fell 39.4 points to 106.2 and the entrepreneurial confidence index sank 29.2 points to 94.6.
Renowned economist Cheng Siwei told a conference Thursday the economy grew about 8 percent during the fourth quarter of 2008, down from 9 percent in the third quarter and 10.4 percent in the first half.
China is targeting 8 percent gross domestic product growth for 2009 to ensure sufficient jobs and safeguard social stability, Liu Mingkang, Chairman of the China Banking Regulatory Commission, said on Dec. 13.
To support the weakening economy, China has cut lending rates considerably since mid-September and unveiled a 4 trillion yuan (585 billion U.S. dollars) fiscal stimulus package in early November.
The economy will start to recover in the second half of the year, as the massive stimulus takes effect gradually, and regain full steam in 2011, Cheng said.
Singapore to ease ban on political films: minister
10 January 2009
SINGAPORE (AFP) —— Singapore will ease a blanket ban on films promoting a political party or agenda, the information minister said in remarks published Saturday.
However, films deemed "harmful" to society would remain prohibited, Minister for Information, Communication and the Arts Lee Boon Yang said in remarks carried by The Straits Times.
Lee said the Films Act would be amended so that factual documentaries, video recordings of actual events and biographies would be allowed as part of Internet election advertising by political parties. The changes could come as early as March, he said.
An independent panel comprised of respected Singaporeans and headed by a retired senior district judge will be set up to assess the films.
Political parties can also advertise using podcasts, blogs and other Internet tools during election campaigns under new rules to be enacted.
Singapore's small opposition political parties have complained they lack access to the pro-government mainstream media.
The planned changes in the Films Act are among the recommendations by a government-appointed council which was formed to study the impact of the new media on society.
Lee said a key distinction was that political films must not promote debate "based on distorted presentation of issues".
Despite the relaxation, the government would not decriminalise the making of party political films in general, he said.
In 2007, the government banned a film on former political detainee Said Zahari, calling it a "misleading and distorted portrayal" of his detention which could undermine confidence in the government.
The film entitled "Zahari's 17 Years" was directed, shot and edited by Singaporean filmmaker Martyn See, who had earlier been investigated by police for making a film on opposition leader Chee Soon Juan.
Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong said last year the government accepted that its policies must evolve to remain relevant in the current media landscape in which Internet use has become more widespread.
Hold Me Now ~ Johnny Logan
Don't... don't close your heart to how you feel
Dream, and don't be afraid the dream's not real
Close your eyes, pretend it's just the two of us again
Make believe this moment's here to stay
Touch... touch me the way you used to do
I know tonight could be all I'll have with you
From now on, you'll be with someone else instead of me
So tonight, let's fill this memory
For the last time -
Hold me now
Don't cry, don't say a word
Just hold me now
And I will know -
Though we're apart, we'll always be together
Forever in love
What do you say when words are not enough?
Time... time will be kind once we're apart
And your tears... tears will have no place in your heart
I wish I... I could say how much I'll miss you when you're gone
How my love for you will go on and on and
Hold me now
Don't cry, don't say a word
Just hold me now
And try to understand that
I hope at last you've found
What you've been searchin' for
And though I won't be there anymore
I will always love you
(Hold me now)
(Don't cry,) don't say a word
Just hold me now
And I will know -
Though we're apart, we'll always be together
Forever in love
What do you say when words are not enough?
What can I say
When my words are not enough
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